Synephrine hydrochloride is an alkaloid that is widely found in a variety of plants, such as Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantium, orange peel, and Chenopodium album. The following is a detailed introduction to Synephrine hydrochloride:
1. Basic Information
Chinese name: Synephrine hydrochloride
English name: Synephrine hydrochloride
Alias: 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)-ethanol hydrochloride, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenol hydrochloride, etc.
Molecular Formula: C9H13NO2-HCl
Molecular weight: 203.67 (or 203.666. depending on the precision of calculation there may be a slight difference)
CAS No.: 5985-28-4
EINECS No.: 227-804-6
2. Physical Properties
Appearance: white fine powder
Melting point: 147~150ºC
Boiling point: 341.1ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 163.4ºC
3. Pharmacological effects
Increase metabolism: Synephrine HCL can stimulate adrenergic receptors, thus increasing metabolic rate.
Increase calorie consumption: By stimulating adrenergic receptors, Synephrine HCL can promote lipolysis and increase calorie consumption.
Increase Energy Levels: Synephrine HCL helps to boost the body’s energy levels, making one feel more energized.
Weight loss: Synephrine HCL is often used as an active ingredient in weight loss medications. By stimulating β-3 adrenergic receptors, lipolysis and the subsequent thermogenesis occur, resulting in weight loss.
4. Clinical Applications
Bronchial asthma: Synephrine HCL has the effect of dilating trachea and bronchial tubes, and can be used to treat bronchial asthma.
Hypotension: Synephrine HCL can constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure, so it can be used to treat symptoms such as hypotension, deficiency and shock.
Cardiotonic effect: Synephrine HCL can significantly enhance myocardial contractility and blood pumping function, and has cardiotonic effect.
5. Safety and side effects
Safety: Synephrine HCL is a naturally occurring alkaloid and is usually safe when used in moderation. However, overdose or prolonged use may result in a number of side effects.
Side effects: These include periodic migraines and primary headaches. In addition, because of its adrenergic stimulating effect, Synephrine HCL should be avoided in patients with severe hypertension, tachyarrhythmias, narrow angle glaucoma and monoamine oxidase inhibitor recipients.
6. Precautions
Synephrine hydrochloride is both chemically synthesized and extracted from plants. The product of chemical synthesis is the DL-racemate, of which the D-enantiomer may have side effects and is difficult to isolate, thus chemical synthesis of L-synephrine is severely limited.
When using dietary supplements containing Synephrine HCL, attention should be paid to other ingredients it may contain, such as methylxanthines and ephedrine, which may increase the side effects of the product.